Order: Anguilliformes
• Cylindrical, elongated and serpentine body.
• Minute scales are embedded in skin.
• Dorsal and anal fins are long and confluent behind.
• Dorsal fin is without spines.
• Origin of dorsal fin is far behind the pectoral origin.
• Gill opening in the pharynx as narrow or wide slits.
• Ovaries are without oviduct.
• It is represented by 2 families and 3 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Anguillidae E.g. Anguilla bengalensis (Raj Bam – Nepali)
Family: Moringuidae E.g. Moringua raitaborua (Purple Spaghetti Eel)
Order: Beloniformes
• The body is elongated and sub-cylindrical.
• Both jaws are well prolonged into a long beak armed with rows
of sharp teeth.
• Pectoral fins are short and wing like, pelvic fins are abdominal.
• The dorsal fin placed far posterior of the body and is without
spines.
• The dorsal and anal fins are of looks origin.
• It is represented by 2 families and 2 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Belonidae E.g. Xenentodon cancila (Chuche
Bam Kauwa/Kabali – Nepali)
Family: Hemiramphidae E.g. Hyporhamphus limbatus
(Congaturi Half B
Figure 2.14. Beak of Hyporhamphus limbatus.
Order: Clupeiformes
• The body is laterally compressed.
• Abdomen is generally keeled and serrated.
• The abdomen has scutes (bony plates).
• The lateral line is absent.
• Barbells are always present.
• It is represented by 2 families and 3 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Clupeidae E.g. Gudusia chapra (Suiya – Nepali)
Family: Engraulididae E.g. Setipinna phasa (Gnakabau/Phasi -
Nepali)
Order: Cypriniformes
• The body is oblong and compressed with small to large scales.
• The head is without scales.
• All the fishes of this order have round abdomen.
• The mouth is usually protractile and always toothless.
• The lateral line is present.
• The pelvic fins are generally abdominal in location.
• Dorsal fin is single rayed.
• Air bladder constricted to two chambers.
• It is represented by 4 families, 36 genera and 115 fish species in
Nepal.
Family: Cyprinidae E.g. Labeo rohita (Rohu –
Nepali), Cirrhinus mrigala (Naini
or Mrigal – Nepali), Catla catla
(Bhakur or Catla – Nepali),
Tor putitora (Sahar or Mahseer –
Nepali), Garra gotyla (Buduna –
Nepali), etc.
Family: Psilorhynchidae E.g. Psilorhynchus balitora (Tite
Machha – Nepali)
Introductory Ichthyology
Family: Balitoridae E.g. Balitora brucei (Pathertata – Nepali
Family: Cobitidae E.g. Botia almorhae (Baghi – Nepali)
B. lohachata (Getu or Baghe – Nepali)
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
• The body is short and compressed with scales.
• The head is also with scales.
• The upper jaw or lower jaw well produced.
• Lateral line is absent or chiefly on the anterior part of the
body.
• The pectoral fin is elongated and wing like.
• It is represented by 2 families and 2 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Aplocheilidae E.g. Aplocheilus panchax (Tikuli – Nepali)
Family: Poeciliidae E.g. Gambusia affinis (Machar Machha - Nepali)
Order: Osteoglossiformes
• The body is broad and strongly compressed with fine scales on
head as well.
• The pelvic fin is rudimentary and the dorsal fin is very small.
• The anal fin is long and confluent with small caudal fin.
• Lateral line is complete.
• It is represented by 1 family and 2 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Notopteridae E.g. Chitala chitala (Moi or Patara – Nepali)
Notopterus notopterus (Golhai – Nepali)
Order: Perciformes
• This is the largest and most diversified of all fish orders.
• Scales are present both on the head and body.
• Jaws are generally provided with teeth.
• The dorsal fin is very long (E.g., Channa) or occurs in two
parts (E.g., Chanda): one spinous and the other with soft rays,
continuous or separate.
• The caudal fin is long or forked.
• It is represented by 10 families and 26 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Ambassidae Chanda nama (Chanerbijua – Nepali)
Family: Sciaenidae Johnius coiter (Bhola – Nepali)
Family: Nandidae Nandus nandus (Dalahai or Dhoke– Nepali)
Family: Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)
Family: Mugilidae Rhinomugil corsula (Karsul – Nepali),
Sicamugil cascasia (Yellow-tail Mullet)
Family: Gobioididae Brachyamblyopus burmanicus
(Burmese Eel Goby)
Family: Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris (Bulla – Nepali)
Family: Anabantidae Anabas testudineus (Kabai – Nepali)
Family: Belontiidae Colisa faciatus (Kotari – Nepali),
C. lalius (Dwarf Gourami)
Family: Channidae Channa marulius (Bhaura – Nepali),
C. punctatus (Garai or Bhoti – Nepali)
C. striatus (Hile or Saura – Nepali)
Order: Salmoniformes
• The body is long and cylindrical.
• Adipose fin is present.
• Mouth is large with jaw teeth.
• It is represented by 1 family and 3 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Salmonidae E.g. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)
O. rhodurus (Amago trout)
Salmo trutta (Brown trout)
Order: Siluriformes
• The body is naked or with scutes, never with true scales.
• The maxillae are usually much reduced serving as bases of
maxillary barbells.
• Nearly one to four pairs of barbells are present.
• The first ray of pectoral and last ray of dorsal fin is modified as
hard pungent spines or thick rays.
• The adipose fin may present or absent.
• The lateral line may be ramified with or without short tubular
ossicles.
• It is represented by 10 families and 71 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Bagridae Mystus tengara (Tenger – Nepali)
Rita rita (Rita or Belaunda – Nepali)
Family: Siluridae Wallago attu (Buhari – Nepali)
Family: Schilbeidae Ailia coila (Patsi – Nepali)
Family: Pangasidae Pangasius pangasius (Jalkapoor – Nepali)
Family: Amblycipitidae Amblyceps mangois (Bokshi
Macho – Nepali)
Family: Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius (Gonch – Nepali)
B. yarrellii (Gounch – Nepali)
Hara hara (Tinkana or Datari – Nepali)
Family: Clariidae Clarias batrachus (Mangur – Nepali)
C. gariepinus (African Mangur – Nepali)
Introductory Ichthyology
Family: Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis (Singhi –
Nepali)
Family: Chacidae Chaca chaca (Kurkuree –
Nepali)
Family: Olyridae Olyra longicaudata (Himalayan
Olyra)
Order: Synbranchiformes
• Body is cylindrical, elongated and eel-shaped.
• The gill openings are confluent as a single slit on ventral
surface.
• The dorsal and anal fins are vestigial or absent.
• The pectoral and pelvic fins are present or absent.
• The scales (when present) are small, oval and confined to
caudal region.
• The eyes are small or degenerate.
• It is represented by 2 families and 5 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Synbranchidae E.g. Monopterus cuchia (Andha Bam
or Anahi – Nepali)
Family : Mastacembelidae E.g.M acrognathus aral (Gainchi – Nepali)
Mastacembelus armatus (Dhare Bam –
Nepali)
Order: Tetraodontiformes
• The body is short, rounded and globular in inflated condition.
• True scales are absent.
• Body is completely or incompletely covered with scutes and
fine dorsal spines.
• Pelvic fins are absent.
• Gill openings are restricted to lateral slits.
• The teeth are fused into a beak like dental plate.
• It is represented by 1 family and 1 fish species in Nepal.
Family: Tetraodontidae E.g. Tetraodon cutcutia (Puffer fish or
Pokcha – Nepali)
(A)
(B)
Figure 2.26. Tetraodon cutcutia, (A) Normal swimming
condition, (B) Inflatted condition
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